Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1.Supercomputer
2.Human intelligence test
3. Man against computer
4. Robotic industry 
5. Intelligent machines in our life
6. Computer intelligence test
7. Computers change human brains
8. Electronic film stars 

A. Artificial intelligence is the art of making machines that are able to 'think'. We often don't notice it, but artificial intelligence is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that direct our e-mail. Some scientists believe that the most powerful computers could have the power of the human brain. Machines have always been excellent at tasks like calculation. But now they are better than humans in many spheres, from chess to mixing music. 

B. The world's most powerful computer is ASCI Purple, made by IBM in 2004. It can carry out 100 trillion operations per second and has the size of two basketball courts. A computer with double power is expected in the next two years. A spokesman for IBM said that ASCI Purple is near the power of the human brain. But some scientists believe our brains can carry out almost 10,000 trillion operations per second.

C. The possible dangers of intelligent machines became the stories of many science fiction films. In The Terminator (1984), a computer network uses nuclear weapons against the human race in order to rule the world. This network then makes intelligent robots called 'Terminators' which it programs to kill all the humans. In The Matrix (1999) and The Matrix Reloaded (2003), a machine dominates humanity, using people as batteries to power itself. 

D. In 1997, then the world chess champion Garry Kasparov played against IBM's Deep Blue supercomputer - and lost. After six games, the world-famous Kasparov lost 2.5 to 3.5 to the computer. In February 2003, Kasparov restored human reputation by finishing equal against the Israeli-built supercomputer Deep Junior. Kasparov ended the game with the score 2-2 against US company X3D Technologies' supercomputer X3D Fritz in November 2003, proving that the human brain can keep up with the latest developments in computing (at least in chess). 

E. There are a number of different methods which try to measure intelligence, the most famous of which is perhaps the IQ, or 'Intelligence Quotient' test. This test was first used in early 20th century Paris. The modern day 10 test measures a variety of different types of ability such as memory for words and figures and others. Whether IQ tests actually test general intelligence is disputable. Some argue that they just show how good the individual is at IQ tests! 

F. Analysis shows that human intelligence is changing. We are gaining abilities in some areas of intelligence, while losing them in others, such as memory. So this generation may not remember the great number of poems, their abilities are greater in other areas. It has been discovered that wide use of video games improves reaction time. But we could only dream of computing without calculators as fast as our grandparents did.

G. In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing invented a test to check machine intelligence. In the Turing Test, two people (A and B) sit in a closed room, a third person (C), who asks questions, sits outside. Person A tries to answer the questions so that person C doesn't guess who they are: men or women, while person B tries to help him (C) in their identification. Turing suggested a machine take the place of person A. If the machine fooled the human, it was likely to be intelligent. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. CLASSES WILL CONTINUE
2. THE FINANCIAL BENEFIT FOR OTHERS OF STAYING IN THE SAME PLACE
3. OUR ATTITUDE WILL NEVER CHANGE
4. A DIFFICULT TASK
5. NO CHOICE
6. MAKING THE WHOLE DISTRICT LOOK BETTER
7. THE PLAN AND THE COST
8. FRIENDLY DISCUSSIONS 

NEW COLLEGE BUILDINGS

A. The College intends to modernise its current site in a multi-million pound investment to upgrade its buildings and create a new campus. The College has secured support and funding for the project and is now looking for a suitable developer to take the project forward. Although no formal plans have been submitted at this stage, the College aims to redevelop the existing location with new buildings in one area and sell the remaining land for development. The total amount of spending for the whole project will be about £40 million. 

B. We are aware of people's worries concerning the redevelopment of the site, but we cannot continue in the existing buildings in the long term. They have become tired and unworkable and are now proving very costly to maintain — which is money that should be spent directly on teaching and learning. The buildings do not meet our needs for the 21st century or the requirements of our students. They are, quite simply, outdated. 

C. The quality of the teaching and learning at the College will always be the most important consideration. That's why we intend to create a brand new College campus. We want our students to have the opportunity to learn in modern, up-to-date facilities. This investment is timed to make sure that our future students will also have top-class facilities.

D. During the creation of our new campus, we intend to ensure that the redevelopment takes place away from any buildings that will still be in use. It will be business as usual for the College. An assessment of all the existing buildings will be carried out to make sure that they are capable of providing a suitable learning environment until the new buildings are complete. Where necessary, money will be made available to ensure that these buildings remain fit-for-purpose until the new buildings are ready. 

E. We are determined to work closely with our local neighbours on this project. Although there will be a formal public consultation process as part of the planning procedures, we will also be inviting our immediate local residents to more informal meetings where we can give our full attention to their views and opinions. Our consultants are beginning work on putting together plans that will give us an idea of what the new campus will look like. We will consult closely with local people as the project progresses. Our intention is to create a College that benefits everyone. 

F. The College understands the contribution that it makes to the local economy, both in terms of employment and the business generated by our thousands of students and staff. We believe the decision to rebuild the campus here in the town centre, rather than moving to a location outside it, will be very good for the town centre and will help it to continue to be economically successful. 

G. We are very aware of the fact that the College stands at the heart of the historic part of the town, with its many attractive old buildings. We view this as an opportunity to improve this area in general. With the exception of the historic Great Hall, all the existing buildings, which are in a mixture of styles and are not attractive, will be pulled down. A new state-of-the-art campus will be constructed that will greatly improve the appearance of this part of the town.  

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Head-and-heart Listening
2. Clear Responsibilities
3. Family Discussions
4. Flexibility 
5. Balanced Communication
6. Caring and Appreciation
7. Family Roots
8. Encouragement 

A. Building a successful family is like building a home. Both need a plan. A successful family based on unity and love takes careful planning, but it's worth every moment. The best way to be organized as a family is to talk about family matters. By doing this, families enjoy a special closeness and stability. Choosing to spend time with your family sends a message more powerful than words. Memories made together dur-ing this time will bond and sustain your family through the years.

B. Family traditions promote feelings of warmth and unity. Trace your family tree and collect all the photographs of your ancestors that you can find. Public libraries and bookstores have books on genealogy for you to get you started. Compile a family oral history. Ask older relatives to talk about their parents and childhood and record their comments. Then transcribe the tapes and send copies to aunts and uncles, grandparents and cousins. These stories contain a glimpse of the past that would be lost otherwise. 

C. How much time should families spend together? That varies from family to family. Families with young children usually spend most of their time together because young children need a great deal of physical care and guidance. Families with teenagers may spend less time together because teens naturally want to spend more time with their friends. Healthy families keep a good balance between "too much" and "not enough" time together. They spend enough time to satisfy all family members.

D. Strong families take time to talk to one another. They share their hopes and dreams, feelings and concerns. This involves listening beyond words to the meanings and feelings attached to them. A good listener can better understand and respond to the needs and concerns of others. It means laying aside personal views and really trying to understand the other person's point of view. Even if you don't agree with their opinion, you can make sure you understand them before responding. 

E. Members of successful families feel they really belong in their family. Family members feel accepted for what they are and promote one another's self-esteem. They celebrate their victories and help each other learn from mistakes. Sometimes life gets rough and we need all the support we can get. A cheering word from a family member can really come in handy. Put the words on sticky notes and stick them in places where they can be easily found.

F. Strong families develop predictable routines, roles, and rules that govern everyday life and provide for continuity and stability. Reasonably stable patterns empower a family to deal with the many challenges inevitable in family life; without such patterns, chaos would result. At the same time, strong families adapt relationships and family rules when needs arise. The varied circumstances of family life may necessitate individual adaptation. Since no family knows what tomorrow will bring, being adaptive is a good trait for family members to develop.

G. Recent studies affirm the importance of love in families. Research shows that expressions of affection towards children reduce problem behaviours and enhance children's development. Strong families notice and share positive aspects of each member. They notice the talents, skills and achievements, special qualities, and characteristics that make the other person unique. They find ways to be positive even when another family member makes a mistake and make a conscious effort to develop closeness and show love at home. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. A royal fortress
2. Similar but different
3. A new epoch in construction
4. Higher and stronger
5. Various activities to do
6. The choice of the material matters
7. From protection into fun
8. Going up and coming down

A. Castles and palaces may seem alike. However, there are some distinctions between them. A castle is a strong and fortified building made of stone. It has tall walls and sometimes even a surrounding water-filled ditch, called a moat. Castles were built to protect people from enemies and attacks. On the other hand, a palace is a luxurious residence designed primarily for comfort and elegance. Palaces were not built for defense like castles, so they usually didn’t have thick walls, towers, or other fortification features.

B. During the early days, castles were constructed using wood. Recognizing this weakness, lords and castle builders began using stone as the main material for constructing castles. Stone castles provided greater protection and durability against attacks. In terms of attacking these stone castles, the primary weapons used were battering rams and catapults. Battering rams were large, heavy objects used to forcefully strike castle gates, while catapults were siege engines designed to launch projectiles, such as rocks or flaming objects.

C. During the medieval period, specifically between the 11th and 13th centuries, castles were commonly constructed on elevated, man-made hills known as mottes. The primary purpose of building castles on mottes was to enhance their defensive capabilities. Mottes were typically large, artificial hills that provided strategic advantages. By elevating the castle above the surrounding area, defenders had a better point to observe and protect the surrounding lands. The height of the mottes allowed soldiers to have a broader range to defend against potential attackers.

D. In the past, castles used moats as a defense. Moats were ditches dug around the castle to guard it from enemies. They were often filled with water to make it difficult for attackers to tunnel into the castle. However, in some castles, people came up with more unique ideas. For example, at Český Krumlov Castle in the Czech Republic, the moat has been filled with bears since 1707. Nowadays, the bears have someone to take care of them, and they even have birthday parties and festivals organized for them.

E. One interesting detail about castles is their spiral stairwells. These staircases are designed to spiral in a specific direction, usually clockwise. The reason for this clever design was to put invaders at a disadvantage during a battle. Most people, including swordsmen, were right-handed and held their swords in their right hand. When invaders climbed the spiral stairs, they were not be able to use their dominant sword arm effectively, because the narrow space of the staircase restricted their movement during battles.

F. The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a significant event in British history. It marked the invasion and successful takeover of England by William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy. After the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror and his successors built numerous castles throughout England. These castles served as strategic fortifications and symbols of their power and control over the newly-conquered lands. They were used as defensive structures, residences for the nobility, and centres of administration.

G. Today Great Britain has a rich tradition of castle sites, which show the best examples of the legacy of medieval times. Windsor Castle, the home of the Kings and Queens’ families of the English Commonwealth, is both the oldest and largest continuously-inhabited castle in the world. It was built in the 11th century, after the Norman Invasion, and has been used by reigning monarchs since the reign of Henry I. The castle also houses the famous St. George’s Chapel, which is designed in Gothic style, and houses the Order of the Garter.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Don't send it yet!
2. Adding to joyful cooking
3. Stimulating the appetite
4. Manners go first 
5. Staying neutral
6. Boosting productivity
7. Being less full of yourself
8. One or many? 

A. We often forget that there is a person on the other side of the email. Just as we wouldn't walk into a friend's house for dinner and bark out a command, we shouldn't forget to say something nice at the beginning and the end of the message. Often those little niceties can go a long way. Social cues aren't dated constructs; they're valuable warm-up phrases in communication. Start by saying "Hi", comment on someone's latest achievements, and wish the other person well.

B. Enjoying a meal with friends and family is not only about the food, but it's also about creating a warm and inviting atmosphere. And hunger for the meal ahead adds to its enjoyment. Red is an exciting, energizing and warm colour. It is associated with love, roses, danger and passion. Having a shade of red in a dining room can add a sense of drama. Marketers believe that the colour red is welcoming, vibrant and warm, and makes people hungry: think of popular fast-food logos.

C. Many emails and essays are written exclusively in the first person. Shift the focus to the recipient and consider what they want, need, or would like to hear. After writing an email, scan it quickly for how many times you use the word "I". See if you can edit some of them out. So, "I'm teaching a new writer's workshop this spring, and I want help sharing the program. I think you'd be interested in it" can be turned into something like: "New writing workshop for creatives has just been launched. Let me know if this is what you were looking for".

D. Just because you've written an email now doesn't mean it needs to be sent at this exact moment. Delaying the sending is one of the most powerful and underutilized tools of emailing. Scheduling emails to be sent in 24 or 48 hours gives you space to breathe between non-urgent projects, and it also sets up a rhythm of communication so your interlocutor no longer expects you to reply instantaneously. You can either train someone to expect instantaneous answers at all times, or to• learn the rhythm that's best for you and your business.

E. One of the best ways to avoid colour trends is of course to avoid wild colours altogether. A palette of pale tones is as close to time-proof as you can get, especially if you use a lot of classic white. A pastel palette doesn't have to be boring, either. Include rich textures (like woods and plush fabrics) and subtly different neutral shades to give a space life without introducing any dramatic colours that may or may not stand the test of time. Cool and warm whites can suit whatever colour scheme you might like in future.  

F. An optimal study or office is a space with no interruptions and an atmosphere that allows calm focus. This is a place for you to concentrate, expand your ideas and complete your work, be it creative or analytical. An office is supposed to nurture your line of thought and support action. Blue is versatile — it helps you feel calm and effective. It is associated with the sky, ocean, and water. Researchers claim it that people working in blue office spaces feel calm and hopeful about their work.

G. Having more recipients in the "To" field does not mean that you'll necessarily get more answers. In the age of digital marketing, people who blast messages in broadcast form without understanding who is in the "To" line reduce their chances of a message being opened. A perfect email is the one that's sent to exactly who it needs to go to. The more specific you can get about who should be receiving the message, the better. One direct ask that results in a "Yes" is better than spamming the inboxes of 50 people who don't respond. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Hard times
2. Plants like trees
3. A great discovery
4. Unique small world
5. Hidden treasure
6. A difficult task
7. Unseen life diversity
8. Against global warming

A. Amazon, Borneo, Congo, and Daintree: everyone knows the names of many of the world's largest or most famous rainforests. And many of us know about the world's largest span of forests — the boreal forests stretching from Russia to Canada. But how many of us could name an underwater forest? Underwater forests are huge kelp and seaweed forests, stretching much further than it was previously realised. Few of them are even named. But their wonderful canopies are home to large numbers of marine species.

B. Underwater forests are mainly formed by seaweeds, which are types of algae. Like other plants on land, seaweeds grow by capturing solar energy and carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. Seaweeds have long been known to be among the fastest growing plants on the planet. The largest species of seaweeds grow tens of metres deep, forming forest canopies that sway in a never-ending dance as waves move through them. To swim through one is to see patterns of light and shadow, and to get a sense of constant movement.

C. Seaweed forests face threats from marine heatwaves and climate change. Almost all of the extra heat trapped by greenhouse gases that people have emitted so far has gone into the oceans. This means ocean forests are facing very difficult conditions. Large expanses of ocean forests have recently disappeared off western Australia, eastern Canada and California — resulting in the loss of habitat and carbon storing potential. Unfortunately, the majority of the world's underwater forests are unrecognized and unexplored.

D. Off the coastline of southern Africa lies the Great African Seaforest, while Australia boasts the Great Southern Reef around its southern reaches. There are many more vast, but unnamed, underwater forests all over the world. So far, it has been very challenging to estimate how large an area ocean forests cover. On land, scientists can easily measure forests by satellite. Underwater, it becomes much more complicated. Most satellites cannot take measurements at the depths where underwater forests are found.

E. Scientists have found that ocean forests are even more productive than many intensely farmed crops such as wheat, rice and corn. Productivity was highest in temperate regions, which are usually washed by cool, nutrient-rich water. Every year, on average, ocean forests in these regions produce 2 to 11 times more biomass per area than land crops. These findings are encouraging. Such large productivity can be used to help meet the world's future food security. Seaweed farms can supplement food production on land.

F. Seaweeds are very fast-growing plants. Their fast growth rates mean that seaweeds are hungry for carbon dioxide. As they grow, they pull large quantities of carbon from seawater and the atmosphere. Globally, ocean forests may take up as much carbon as the Amazon. This suggests that underwater forests could play a big role in decreasing the negative effects of climate change. It is not known exactly how much seaweed carbon ends up stored and kept safe naturally. This will be an area of intense research in the future.

 G. Underwater seaweeds offer habitat, food and shelter to a wide variety of marine organisms. They are all unique and different. Large species such as sea-bamboo and giant kelp have gas-filled structures that work like little balloons and help them create vast floating canopies. Other species rely on strong stems to stay upright and support their photosynthetic blades. Some other plants that grow in the sea, like golden kelp on the Great Southern Reef in Australia, cover the seafloor, creating an underwater carpet.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. To remember all the Americans involved in the wars
2. Columbus Day in memory of the discovery
3. What to celebrate is within the province of the states' power
4. Honoring our parents
5. The day which commemorates people who are "asleep" forever
6. A special day for honouring the former leaders of the USA
7. Honoring the fighter for the rights of black people
8. The day of birth for the nation

A. The USA is the country which observes many national holidays. But there is no official list of national holidays because the establishment of holidays is within the province of the individual states. In most states banks, post-offices and most places of business are closed on these days. The seven major American holidays in calendar order are: Martin Luther King Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veteran's Day.

B. Dr. Martin Luther King was a black clergyman who is ranked among the greatest of black Americans because of his crusade during the 1950s and 1960s to win full civil rights for his people. He spoke out and campaigned tirelessly to rid the United States of traditions and laws that forced on black Americans the status of second-class citizens. The world was shocked when Dr. King was assassinated in 1968. By vote of Congress, the third Monday of every January, beginning in 1986 is now a federal holiday in Dr. King's honour.

C. Until the mid-1970s, the birthday of George Washington, the first president of the United States (February, 22) was observed as a federal holiday. In addition, the birthday of Abraham Lincoln (February, 12) was observed as a holiday in most states. In the 1970s Congress declared that in order to honour all past presidents of the United States, a single holiday, to be called Presidents' Day, would be observed on the third Monday in February.

D. Memorial Day observed on the fourth Monday of every May is a day on which Americans honour the dead. It has become a day on which the dead of all wars and all other dead are remembered. In many communities special ceremonies are held in cemeteries or at monuments for the war dead by veterans of military services. Some hold parades and others hold memorial services or special programs in churches, schools or other public meeting places.

E. The Independence Day is regarded as the birthday of the United States as a free and independent nation. Most Americans simply call it the "Fourth of July", on which date it always falls. The holiday recalls the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. At that time the people of the 13 British colonies located along the eastern coast of what is now the United States were involved in a war over which they considered unjust the treatment by the King and parliament in Britain.

F. Besides Thanksgiving Day there are other holidays which might be considered uniquely American — although in some cases other nations observe similar holidays. Two Sundays are observed in special ways. One is the second Sunday in May, which is always Mother's Day, a day on which children honour their mothers, give them gifts or perhaps take them to a restaurant for dinner. The other is the third Sunday in June, which is Father's Day, and children honour their fathers in some special way.

G. Veteran's Day was originally called Armistice Day and was established to honour those Americans who had served in the First World War. It falls on November 11, the day on which that war ended in 1918. It honours veterans of all the wars in which the United States has been involved. Organizations of war veterans hold parades or other special ceremonies and the President or other high official places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D.C.

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Mixing styles
2. Internet sensation
3. Short lifetime
4. Money worries
5. Celebrity style
6. Cheaper to buy
7. Rebels no more
8. Shopping frenzy

A. Youth sub-culture isn’t what it used to be. In the 1960s, youths who were protesting against their parents or society dressed a certain way to show their anger, or to feel like they belonged to something. Nowadays, parents are more accepting of their children, and society is more accepting of different people. There is less of a need to act out, so there are fewer sub-cultures as a result.

B. There are still a few youth sub-cultures these days. One phenomenon is haul girls - teenage girls who shop till they drop, then come home with a big ‘haul’, usually several  bags of clothes. Then they make a video of what they bought, and not just any old video, either. They put great effort into it, with editing and a storyline. It’s their way of showing off what they love to do.

C. In the old days, it took quite a lot of cash to get the look you desired. If you wanted to be Goth, going out and buying black boots, black clothes and black jewellery would cost a considerable amount. It’s all become more affordable now, so you can belong to one youth sub-culture one week and another the next, more or less.

D. There are fewer differences between youth sub-cultures than there used to be. In the old days, a hippie looked like a hippie. A punk looked like a punk, and nothing else. But it seems that the youth of today sometimes combines looks. One example is seapunk, which is punk but much more colourful and with a bit of hip-hop added. At least it’s still very creative!

E. A youth sub-culture is defined by many things. It’s the need to stand out, or the need to protest, or the need to belong. These days, kids are quite worried about their future. University has become very expensive, and the job market isn’t as strong as it used to be. How can anyone focus on creating a unique style when they’re facing such deep financial concerns?

F. Sometimes a youth sub-culture can come out of nowhere. Take Molly Soda, for example. Molly Soda is a teenage girl who posted some short films on YouTube that quickly became highly popular. Her style of dress, with her blue hair and nose piercing, is now copied by thousands of girls who find it cool. They’re called Molly Soda girls, from a youth sub-culture born overnight!

G. It is true that youth sub-cultures are like trends. They are born, they gain popularity, and then soon enough, everyone’s joined in. At that point, they are finished. This timeline used to be much longer than it is today. Now, with social media, trends spread much faster, which means they die a death much faster, too. A sub-culture is lucky if it lasts a whole year these days!

Установите соответствие между текстами А-I и заголовками 1-10. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту I. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Winter Chores List
2. Punish if Needed
3. Chores That Teach Responsibility
4. Safety Issues to Consider When Assigning Chores
5. Chores That Teach Teens to Care for Their Belongings
6. Encourage a Good Work Ethic
7. Assign Chores and Motivate Your Teen to Do Them
8. Spring and Summer Chores List
9. Chores That Help Teens Be Good Citizens
10. Fall Chores List

A. Teens are capable of doing practically any chore that adults can do. But, they need direction and guidance as they learn how to do household chores appropriately. Guidance shouldn't be about nagging, however. Show your teen how to do a specific chore and then monitor her work to ensure she can do it independently.

If your teen isn't cleaning the bathroom in a sanitary manner, or if his lawn mowing technique leaves a lot to be desired, consider it a teachable moment. Show your teen the appropriate way to do things and make your expectations clear.

Use chores as a way to teach your teen about adult life. Pay your teen an allowance for doing certain chores or link chores to specific privileges. Make it clear that hard work leads to rewards, just like hard work at a future job will lead to a paycheck.

Give your teen a list of chores. Then, leave it up to him to decide when to get it done. If he doesn't do the work by Friday (or the end of the day), don't give him any money.

B. Most teens are mature enough to do chores with little to no supervision. But, every teen is different so carefully consider your teen's skill level before creating your teen's chore list.

Household chemicals, for example, can be a hazard. Talk to your teen about the importance of not combining chemicals and discuss ventilation issues. Also, discuss what to do if your teen accidentally gets a chemical in her eyes.

Before allowing your teen to use the stove, lawnmower, weed whacker, power tools, or other appliances, go over safety issues. Supervise your teen at first before you allow him to use those items on his own and make sure he practices safety precautions.

Make sure your teen understands not to use frayed cords when plugging items in. Also, discuss safety issues with extension cords, such as not using a cord if it gets wet.

C. Teach your teen to keep his personal space clean. That may involve cleaning his bedroom and keeping his items organized when they're in common areas of the house. These chores should be things that will help your teen recognize the importance of taking care of his items. Here are some chores that all teens should do: Make bed
Put clothes away
Change sheets
Organize closet
Sweep or vacuum bedroom
Put items where they belong

D. While all chores instill responsibility, creating a chore list that includes caring for other people, pets, or plants, gives your teen a chance to be in charge. These types of chores show you trust your teen that you expect her to do a good job because there's someone or something depending on her. Consider including a few of these items on your teen's chore list:
Water plants
Feed the pet
Walk the pet or clean litter
Wash the pet or pet’s things
Babysit younger siblings
Make lunch for siblings
Brush the pets outside to reduce shedding indoors

E. Give your teen a variety of chores. You might consider having siblings swap duties from month to month or week to week just to make sure everyone has practice doing each chore. Include some of these chores that involve caring for common areas in the home because they will teach your teen to be a good citizen:
Vacuum living room, hallways, bedrooms, and stairs
Sweep kitchen and bathroom floors
Dust living room, bedrooms, and office space
Vacuum the furniture
Straighten the living room
Shampoo carpets
Organize drawers
Take care of items for recycling
Take the trash out to the street for pick up
Cook dinner (leave instructions)
Wash and dry laundry
Clean the kitchen counters
Empty the dishwasher or wash dishes

F. Warmer weather may mean more opportunities to do outdoor chores. And summer vacation is a great time to assign more chores. Here are some summer chore list ideas:
Mow the lawn
Trim the bushes
Help with landscaping projects, like spreading mulch or building a rock wall
Weed the garden
Wash the car
Vacuum the car
Clean outdoor furniture
Get outdoor items out of storage and ready for use
Gather unwanted items to donate or sell at a yard sale
Wash outdoor items, like boats, ATVs, campers, or other outdoor items

G. During the fall months, you may need certain outdoor chores done, especially yard work. Here are some fall chores you may want to assign to teens:
Rake the lawn
Blow the leaves off the driveway
Help clean the gutters
Clean out the garden
Clean outdoor items and help store them for winter

H. If you live in a cold climate, there's a good chance you'll need help with snow removal. Here are some cold-weather chores you might add to your teen's chore list: Shovel snow
Clean snow off of the car

I. Work with your teen on identifying a regular chore schedule. Give your teen daily chores, as well as bigger chores to do on the weekends or during school vacations.Use chores as a way to help your teen become more responsible, but make sure your teen doesn't take on too many chores. Find a healthy balance that will give your child plenty of time to do homework and have some fun, while also teaching valuable life skills

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Watching predators and prey
2. Hot water, cold air
3. How locals live and entertain
4. Impressive but difficult to reach
5. For the strong and adventurous
6. Nature and activities to enjoy
7. Conquering cold waves
8. Closer to wildlife

A. At the edge of Russia, on the Pacific Ocean, there is the distinctive Kamchatka peninsula, famous for its rich natural diversity. This land is surrounded by rough ocean waters, in the interior lie fiery volcanoes and boiling, steaming geysers. Some 300 volcanoes, 29 of which are active, make up nearly 40% of the peninsula. But Kamchatka's landscapes and natural diversity are not the only things to attract the travellers from for and wide: the area is also rich in opportunities for extreme sports. Make your adventures in Kamchatka unforgettable.

B. Surfing in Bali is no big deal these days: the hot sun, the warm ocean, coconuts, bananas... We've seen it all! How about surfing in the chilly waters of the Pacific in Kamchatka? One of Kamchatka's best surf destinations is Khalaktyrsky beach. You can catch waves here almost all year long: the hardiest of surfers are ready to jump in in sub-zero temperatures. Naturally, the best time to surf is summer when surf schools and equipment rental places are open for business. You don't feel the cold in a wetsuit! 

C. The Kamchatka peninsula is washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea to the northeast and by the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. One of the best ways to explore the rugged coastline is to take a long trip by kayak. On the water, you'll find yourself face to face with wild nature: you can get acquainted with sea lions, seals, killer whales and other sea creatures, and see the most beautiful, secluded bays, islands, headlands and lakes inland. You're going to be taking numerous pictures of the seals and sea lions as they bask in the sun.

D. With vast numbers of fish, it is no wonder that Lake Kuril attracts over 200 Kamchatka brown bears who visit the lake to fish. Across the whole peninsula, there are around 20,000 bears altogether — that's one bear to every 15 human inhabitants. Over the years, the animals on Lake Kuril have adapted to life alongside humans. Therefore, you can observe the bears and their prey close up as they show no signs of aggression. An experienced guide knows exactly where to observe them to make your adventure absolutely safe.

E. Discovered as recently as 1941, the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Reserve in Kamchatka is one of the world's largest geyser fields and is the only one in Eurasia. In a cramped 8 square kilometer piece of land there are over 40 powerful spouting geysers, not to mention hot springs, mud pools, thermal sites, waterfalls, all surrounded by volcanoes. As dangerous as any of these places seem, there are special paths for travellers. You can only get to the valley by air, so take a helicopter tour and face the raw power of Mother Nature. 

F. If you feel comfortable on the runs at Alpine resorts and consider yourself experienced, Kamchatka will surprise you: imagine skiing down the slopes of an active volcano with breathtaking views over the Pacific! This is no fantasy: we suggest experienced riders try heli-skiing! Fly to the highest volcanoes' peaks by helicopter, then enjoy the buzz of skiing the untouched slopes with awesome views of the not-so-distant Pacific. Such an activity requires skiers to be in great shape physically, and to have the love of an adrenaline rush. 

G. Kamchatka is a very harsh place to live, yet people have lived here for centuries. In order to survive, they had to learn to live in harmony with nature. That led to the development of rituals that are still performed. When you visit, you can see how the indigenous people of Kamchatka have been living for generations in the village of Pimchakh that is open to visitors. Shortage of snow is never an issue, so the locals happily indulge in competitive and recreational dog sled races. You should certainly put a short dog sled trip on your bucket list. 

 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Arrange and order
2. Do your homework
3. Give it a second chance
4. Recognise the real need 
5. Just stop shopping
6. No longer in a mailing list
7. Rescue the rejects
8. Switch to pre-order 

A. As Joan Crawford once advised: "Care for your clothes like the good friends they are." Something has definitely gone wrong if you find it easier to buy a new outfit in your lunch hour instead of going through a pile of clothes on your floor for something that isn't creased or dirty, or both. So take more time to organise your clothes and try storing winter and summer clothes separately. It helps calm the shopping panic and feel excited every time those old friends reappear again and again.

B. Even if you're never going to start making dresses from scratch, you can make your wardrobe better with little more than a YouTube tutorial and a hotel sewing kit. Clothes are sometimes abandoned for the smallest of reasons, such as an uncomfortable neckline or a scratchy label. You shouldn't be afraid of using the scissors. Learn a few basic skills and you can replace buttons and zips, patch up the worn-out leg of your best-loved jeans and restyle secondhand finds to fit you perfectly.

C. If you are fussy about wearing a stranger's hand-me-downs, deadstock is a sustainable compromise. Usually, these are clothes that were never sold because of small defects or oversupply. Searching "deadstock" on sites such as Etsy and eBay will return great items from across the decades that might have been destined for the bin or burning. Likewise, clothes which are available for sale at a reduced price is a common sight in charity shops. If you care about our planet, give those extra items a loving home.

D. Fashion has its negative effects both on our planet and on people. Who made our clothes? Which materials were used? Fashion brands begin to understand that people care about those things and sometimes share false information to present an environmentally responsible public image. Luckily, there are apps which help us to shop consciously. They have rated more than 2,000 brands on their treatment of people, the planet and animals, providing an at-a-glance verdict from "great" to "avoid".

E. The cheapest way to reduce one's role in fashion negative effect on the environment is to stop buying. And yet for many of us, the simple idea of doing so is enough to give us the shakes. I promised to buy nothing brand-new for a year, and documented the results in my book — but if a whole year is too difficult, start smaller. Challenge yourself to three months, or even just one. It takes time for your brain to break the cycle of positive emotions and feelings usually associated with buying a new fashionable outfit.

F. Just like deleting your ex's number and blocking their social networks profile, a fast-fashion breakup involves admin. So go through your inbox and unsubscribe from all shopping emails — even those from the golfing supplies outlet you bought your uncle's Christmas present from in 2012. Then, filter your social media feeds. Unfollow all the influencers whose pastel-hued grids exist to persuade you to buy things, and replace them with slow fashion supporters. 

G. Patience is a virtue and timing is everything, especially when it comes to an impulse purchase. There are brands that only make what customers want. By doing so, they minimise waste and manage their labour more effectively. Made-to-order fashion is the cure to fast fashion's need for speed. Plus, it's a good way to test your own loyalty to a trend. If you can't wait a few weeks for that new outfit, maybe it wasn't such a must-have after all. 

 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. The city decline
2. Difficult early times
3. A port needed for trade
4. The status still kept 
5. The time of wealth
6. A centre of technology
7. A long-awaited fortress
8. Glorious war history 

A. Today, Russia is washed by 13 seas. However, this was not always the case. In the 18th century, the country had only been able to directly access the Arctic Ocean and fought a hard battle to establish some sort of a presence in the Baltic Sea. In 1581, during the Livonian War, Swedish forces captured Nerve, which was the only large Russian port on the Baltic coast at that time and was of strategic importance to Russia. So, the Russian tsar Ivan IV had nothing left to do but to look to the north.

B. In absolute terms, European trade was booming in the 16th century, new trading routes were searched for. It was nearly impossible for Russia to engage in trade with Western Europe in such conditions, but it was absolutely necessary for Russia's continued development. English traders by then had already carved a route to Russian settlements on the shores of the White Sea. However, there were too few local piers for effective trade to take place. A large full-fledged port was required for merchants' ships.

C. On March 4, 1583, the tsar ordered the establishment of a city near the Mikhailo-Archangel monastery, located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, 30 kilometres from the White Sea. The following year, the New Kholmogory fortress was built there and, from the 17th century onwards, it became known as Arkhangelsk. The fortress was constructed from masts tied together. The most skillful master of carpentry could not have produced anything better. It became Russia's only route into Europe then.

D. Arkhangelsk developed rapidly as a city, and there were many good reasons for that. A large sea pier was constructed, as well as trade centres for foreign merchants —so-called Guest Courts. Brits, Dutch and other "Germans" brought imported cloth, velvet, lace, wines, precious stones, gunpowder and cannons, bringing back with them wheat, pork and pork fat, sable, sap and other goods. Almost all of Russia's trade with the West in those days used to be conducted through Arkhangelsk. 

E. Peter I visited the city in 1693 and came to be rather impressed with what he saw: the amount and variety of foreign ships dazzled the young tsar. On his orders, the shipyard was founded, which oversaw the construction of the Russian trading and naval fleet. On June 25, 1701, at the very start of the Northern War against Sweden, the enemy attempted to take the city, but was crushed in the area near the Novodvinsk fortress, which guarded the approaches. This became the first major Russian victory in that war.

F. At the start of his reign, Peter I accomplished a lot for the development of Arkhangelsk, but, in the end, it was also he who bore the blame for the fading glory of this key centre of Russian trade. After the tide of the war turned in Russian favour, the tsar's decrees began deliberately redirecting the flow of trade from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg. In 1718, only a third of the exports went through the northern port. And after the war ended, St. Petersburg presided over 100 % of all trade with Western states.

G. Until Peter I fought to create his "window to Europe" through the Baltic Sea, the only window of such kind Russia had ever had was situated in the Arctic Ocean. It was the city of Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk has long stopped being the main port in Russia, and the city never served the purpose of the "northern gate" in the country. However, there is one area it never fell behind in — as in the 18th century, the city continues to play a major role in the launching of scientific expeditions into the Arctic Ocean. 
 


 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Building materials
2. The longest on Earth
3. Safe travel
4. Designing a building 
5. Invented by accident
6. Comfortable living
7. How did they do it?
8. Why seasons change 

A. Most of Africa's rural peoples use natural resources that are locally available for their homes. In grasslands, people typically use grass to cover the walls and roofs. In forested areas, they me hardwoods as well as bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major resources used in construction. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of making permanent homes, they usually use simple shelters or tents made of animal skins and woven hair.

B. An architect must consider how a structure will be used and by whom. An apartment building, a palace, a hospital, a museum, an airport, and a sports arena all have different construction requirements. Another factor is the ideas the structure should communicate. For example, some buildings are made to impress people with a display of power and wealth; others — to make everyone feel welcome. Other things to consider are the location and surrounding environment, including weather, and the cost of materials.

C. Did you know that an eleven-year-old child first created the Popsicle? The boy's name was Frank Epperson. In 1905, Frank left a mixture of water and powdered soda out on his porch by mistake. It also contained a stir stick. That night, fortunately for Frank, the temperatures fell to a record low. As a result, he discovered the substance had frozen to the stick, and a frozen fruit flavoured ice treat was created. He decided to call it the epsicle, which was later patented by him and named as Popsicle.

D. As Earth goes around the sun, the North Pole points to the same direction in space. For about six months every year, the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. During this time, the Northern Hemisphere gets more direct sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere and more hours of daylight. During the other six months, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. When the Northern Hemisphere gets the most sunlight, it experiences spring and summer. At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere gets autumn and winter. 

E. In southern Peru, there is an isolated plateau where the wind almost never blows. Here, around the year 400 to 650 AD, the people of the Nazca culture created the famous Nazca lines, by removing the red stones covering the ground so that the white earth beneath was visible. These Nazca lines are actually portraits of animals such as monkeys, birds or fish. It is a mystery how such a primitive civilization could create such artwork with precision when they had no means of viewing their work from the air.

F. Antarctica, which is the southernmost and fifth largest continent, does not have twenty-four-hour periods divided into days and nights. In the South Pole, the sun rises on about September 21 and moves in a circular path until it sets on about March 22. This "day", or summer, is six months long. During this period, if the weather conditions are good, the sun can be seen twenty-four hours a day. From March 22 until September 21, the South Pole is dark, and Antarctica has its "night", or winter.

G. Any ship that hits an iceberg can be damaged. The most famous iceberg in history sank the "Titanic", a ship travelling in the northern Atlantic Ocean, on April 15, 1912. The ship's side scraped the iceberg, which tore holes in the hull. Within three hours, the ship was at the bottom of the ocean. After the loss of the "Titanic", several nations worked together to establish the International Ice Patrol. Today the U.S. Coast Guard runs the patrol, which warns ships about icebergs floating in Atlantic shipping routes. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Safety gear
2. Dangerous foods
3. Spring dance
4. High speed chase 
5. Spring irritations
6. Chasing after danger
7. Safety first
8. Food fight 

A. While they know ifs wrong to do, and it should result in punishment for all involved, students occasionally throw their lunch at one another. You've seen it in films, and while it rarely happens in real life, it most happen from time to time, mustn't it? It looks quite fun to do, although not so much fun for the school's housekeeping staff who have to clean up the mess.

B. When fighting forest fires, firemen face some of the most dangerous conditions that any person could face. Temperatures soar to heights that the human body can't handle, which is why firemen must wear heavy, flame-resistant clothing. Falling debris is a problem, too, as branches snap from the trees and fall to the ground, so helmets are essential to protect the head.

C. Many people suffer from allergies, which can be caused by a number of things. Probably the worst time of the year for sufferers is after winter has finished and temperatures begin to rise. Trees grow leaves, flowers bloom, and all of this places particles in the air that get up our noses and cause us to itch, sneeze, cough and get watery eyes.

D. How any personality types are there? Some say there are up to nine, but surely there are more than that. One personality type describes people who are always cautious. These people are careful to stay out of danger and they avoid risk at all costs. They might seem rather conservative, but these people have an important function. They're the ones that are going to keep us safe above all.

E. Health professionals and nutritionists have recently discovered that wheat can actually cause an allergic reaction in some people. It's a shame, really, because this means that these people have to avoid eating bread, pasta, cakes and many other basic staples. Eating these foods can cause coughing, clogged nasal passages and even skin rashes. Luckily, there are medications that can lessen the effects of wheat allergies.

F. When April and May come round, some schools prepare a special occasion where students can relax and have a good time. Students dress up in nice outfits, meet in the school hall and enjoy listening to music from a Dj or a local band. It's an opportunity for them to show off their moves on the floor and really let loose. 

G. Some people have a personality type that pushes them to task risks. They're the type of people who take great pleasure in doing dangerous things, such as bungee jumping, rock climbing or racing cars. Playing it safe is just not in their nature, so while they enjoy the greatest thrills in life, they sometimes get themselves in a bit of trouble. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. The same conversation
2. Know-it-all backpackers
3. Anti-social behaviour
4. Backpacking as a lifestyle 
5. A five-minute friend
6. Who is a better traveller?
7. Excessive partying
8. The herd mentality 

A. Whenever you arrive somewhere new, travellers ask you five questions: Where are you from? Where are you going? Where have you been? How long are you travelling for? How long are you here? After five years — no, after first five days — it's pretty boring having to talk about it over and over again. It becomes second nature. However, I mix it up now. When I get asked one of these questions, I reply by asking what's their favourite colour or least favourite place they have ever seen. It is better than "what do you do back home?"

B. You meet great people — and then tomorrow they are gone. Maybe you will see each other again, maybe not. It's great meeting so many amazing people on the road, but I hate how everyone is always leaving, especially just as you get to know someone. It's a snowball of sadness. I've met countless amazing people on the road, and sure, in that moment and in that time, that was fun. Maybe that was all that was meant to be. But it's nice to have some consistency and have a friend for a little longer than that.

C. In the backpacking world, it's always someone's first or last night and therefore a reason to go out — which means there's a lot of fun going on. I've done my fair share of celebrating, and I'll admit that it's great when you are just starting out. You are excited about the road, everything is new, and it's a good way to meet people. But after a few months, it gets boring and repetitive. You get weary of just having fun all the time, as though that is the only activity in the world. Can't we just go and do something else?

D. There is always someone who has travelled more than you. Even after five years of backpacking the world, I know people who have spent six, seven, eight years with nothing but a backpack. However, I hate when without being asked people start to give their opinion about where others should or shouldn't go. Or they begin to tell you the history of a place to try to "educate" you on how things really are. No one likes a show-off. I often refrain from correcting people simply because I don't want to be "that guy."

E. I've been backpacking for over five years now. That's a long time to travel period, let alone stay in dorm rooms, live out of the same backpack, and travel on the cheep. Most days, I love this style of travel and I love backpacking. It's fun and social, and you get to meet amazing people. But sometimes, the little things met grind your gears, which is most often when people are rude .d inconsiderate. Backpacking is a great way of living, and like any way of life it has its ups and downs. I'm just lucky it has more ups than downs.

F. I wanted to be a backpacker because they embodied a spirit of adventure and discovery. They were out to see the world, discover its hidden secrets, and meet new locals. Turns out, that's often not the case. More often than not, backpackers today follow the same well-laid travel route that thousands have tread before them. They simply follow the pack. Popular places are popular for a reason, and I would never suggest skipping Thailand or Paris. But be a bit more curious and wander off somewhere random.

G. Too many travellers like to tells themselves up by discussing how long they have travelled for or how many countries they have been to, as though traveling is a competition. They sew flags to their bags and backpacks from every country they've been to. They do it to let people know how awesome they are for having been to so many places. "You've been to 20 countries?" "I've been to 372' It doesn't actually matter if you have been to 4, 19, or 150 countries — everyone's journey is their own and all are equal. 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. An inaccurate stereotype
2. Music is everywhere
3. A magical sound
4. Working for benefits 
5. Misleading ideas
6. An illusion of learning
7. No more secrets?
8. Technological discoveries 

A. Magpies do not have the best of reputations. They are well known for their thievery, enthusiastically collecting shiny objects to decorate their nests. In the past, when people kept magpies as pets there were plenty of opportunities for birds to pick up objects of value. However, even though the birds do pick up all sorts of things to explore them there is absolutely no evidence that people have ever found anything silver or of value in a magpie's nest. Magpies are not thieves, they are merely inquisitive.

B. When a cat purrs, you might think it is as simple as a human smiling or a dog wagging its tail joyfully, but it's more complicated than that. Cats don't just purr when they're happy but also when they're distressed or afraid. Evidence shows that purring is not only a method of communication but a defence mechanism and a way to keep calm in stressful or painful situations. The low frequency of a cat's purr causes a series of vibrations inside their body that can ease breathing, heal injuries and build muscle while acting as a form of pain relief.

C. Have you ever noticed that the more times you read the text the less you remember it? A survey stated that the most commonly used strategy of school and university students is repeated reading. That means that they simply read through books or notes over and over again. This passive and shallow strategy produces minimal or no studying. Mostly it happens because when we read the material again and again, it becomes familiar and easy for our minds to process. However, it doesn't mean that we have mastered it.

D. Understanding how dogs and puppies learn will give you the power to control your best friend. In wild animals energy is precious. When food runs out, energy rapidly follows. Everything the animal does has an energy cost, so animals have evolved to do what paybacks them. In other words, when things 'get better' for your dog, it will try that behaviour again. Next time you train your dog, deliberately reward it for something that you like, because a well-behaved dog is actually a happy dog. 

E. From Egyptian harps to Roman trumpets, from Mesopotamian songs to Greek hymns, not to mention a wealth of vases, frescoes, statues, and tablets, testifying to the importance of music in ancient societies. Songs and melodies were a constant presence in public life. They accompanied religious rites to attract the attention of the gods, they were performed at important events related to social-political power, and even played on the battlefield, sounding the signal to attack, and in parades to celebrate a victory.

F. Baby girls wear pink. Baby boys wear blue. Little girls join the dance. Little boys play hockey. Young ladies study teaching. Young men study math. Nice women marry nice men, raise nice little boys and girls, and the cycle of stereotypical life continues unless you make a conscious effort to let yourself be who you are. Stereotypes create a misconception of who people are and how they live in other cultures, religions, or countries. They are bad even when they're good. And this is a big problem in our multicultural society.

G. It is easy to believe that we have mapped the entire world and that the idea of uncharted waters, mysterious islands untouched and creatures unseen by humankind seems fantastic. Surely we've found everything there is to find? Not necessarily. Back in 2012, an ecologist and conservation scientist discovered a new ecosystem on satellite imagery. He used satellite maps to navigate to a place and drones to hike the mountain, which up until then had only been a bird's-eye view image on a satellite. 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. A bright start
2. The first disappointment
3. Orientate yourself
4. Learning while teaching 
5. The right choice
6. In one breath
7. Love at first sight
8. Having someone near

A. I was very excited about my first teaching job. I didn't plan it but I was given an opportunity to teach at an exclusive university. I was greatly challenged by my students then. They were great English speakers way ahead of me as I was not so confident, articulate, and fluent. But whew, I survived! In fact, it was a great learning experience for me. I had to do a lot of practice like talking to myself in front of the mirror or taking notes of the jokes. It was funny but it helped a lot to improve my language skills.

B. Although I could have chosen different specializations when I got my first degree in Engineering, I decided to get my Master's in Marketing. I did not know if I was prepared for that. I was only 21 when I started it up but my teachers believed that I had some natural skills. Even though I had some doubts at the beginning, choosing to do a Master's degree in this field was one of the most important decisions in my life. It shaped me the way I am now: a gleaming professor trying to contribute to the development of society.

C. I remember my first day at school; it was my mother who took me there. I had to wear a school uniform: a white polo shirt, black trousers, and black leather shoes. I had a small backpack with an exercise book, a pencil box, a bottle of water, and my lunch box inside. I was happy and very excited to see other students. That day I met my future friends and teachers. Throughout the years I learnt many subjects like English, Maths, Science, Religion, PE, Art, and Social studies. Now my first week is over, but I still remember it. 

D. 33 hours a week. A dollar an hour. My first teaching job at an upcoming college in my home province showed me the realities of work life. I was a fresh graduate from university and I wanted to get a job soon enough. I accepted the offer because I felt it was somewhat prestigious to teach at a college. But it was exhausting to teach 11 classes in one week with an average of 25 students per class. The 2-hour daily commute to work and back added to the exhaustion. It wasn't as prestigious a job as I imagined.

E. Throughout the years I had many jobs but the first one was unforgettable. I loved what I did. I loved teaching English and Public Speaking classes. It was wonderful to meet new colleagues who soon became friends. The fellowship among teachers was genuine and warm. The best part for me was being in the classroom teaching real students. It was fulfilling to see them learn and grow. It's been more than 20 years since I first entered the classroom, and I'm still teaching. I guess I'll stay in the vocation for a little bit more. 

F. I think it's a good idea for parents to come and stay for a night in a hotel nearby for your first day of uni. I, unfortunately, was on my own on move-in day and it was a massive hassle! It was difficult trying to carry all the stuff on my own and I ended up having to ask a stranger outside my accommodation if they could help me carry my shopping up to my room, which was super embarrassing. It's also nice to have someone there for you, all of my flatmates parents helped them move in so it was a bit lonely for me the first couple of days while they were with their family.

G. My first day at university was very nerve-wracking, as I completely forgot what I actually meant to do when I finally got there. It was embarrassing at first when my mom roamed around the room making my bed and asking where to put my teddies. But once she left I propped the door open with a chair and made friends with each and every flatmate popping in and saying hi. I got my university ID card and went out with my friends. I tried to make the most of every second as they flew by. The next thing I knew, I was graduating! 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Hazardous Waste
2. Invisible Threat
3. Primary Reason
4. Possible Solutions 
5. Global Destruction
6. Disastrous Growth
7. Water Shortage
8. Quick Change 

A. Acid rain moves easily affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other's environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some scientists think that human production is primarily responsible, while others cite natural causes as well.

B. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries.

C. Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D. Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health.

E. Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical. So it's important to make people realize the disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F. Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.

G. The world's population has been booming for years. The population is now threat-ening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many parts of the world even worse. 


 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. What's in a name?
2. A hobby for people
3. Beautiful inhabitants
4. Creating beauty isn't easy
5. What does it mean?
6. Shopping for flowers
7. An important function
8. The best flower period

A. Growing flowers is the activity and craft of growing plants, with a goal of creating a wonderful and amazing world around. Growing flowers is an admiration for many people, a dream for so many and a full time job for some others who grow flower gardens for commercial purposes. The process of growing flowers requires a lot of patience, love and care, but the amazing result is worth trying. Growing a flower garden in particular is an exciting adventure indeed. 

B. Many flowers have descriptive names or derive their names from ancient legends. For example, when squeezed, the blossom of the snapdragon looks like a dragon opening its jaws. The narcissus is named for the Greek myth of Narcissus and Echo. NamesofFlowers.net features alphabetized lists of flower names. The website also provides subgroups of flowers such as tropical, spring, summer and wedding flowers, and also alphabetized lists of flowers by colour categories. 

C. The purpose of a flower is to attract pollinators to a plant so that the plant creates seeds. Bright colours, strong scents and sweet nectar all work together to attract birds, bees, ants, flies and other insects to move pollen from one flower to another. In some parts of the world small mammals and lizards also function as pollinators. The particular colour, pattern or scent of a flower attracts the appropriate pollinators. Some flowers produce pollen that is carried by the wind to other flowers. 

D. Flowers are a great gift idea for loved ones, and it has never been easier to buy flowers for friends and family, near and far, thanks to a large number of online delivery services. Whether a person is wishing someone a happy birthday, sending sympathy or celebrating a big life moment like the birth of a baby or a wedding engagement, there are plenty of floral arrangement options to choose from online. Most online floral companies organize their arrangements by category. 

E. Most flowers bloom in spring or summer. The specific timing of each bloom depends on the weather pattern in each area. Local florists or gardens are good sources of information. on the blooming patterns of certain flowers in any particular climate. A number of online guides to flowers'and plant life in different cities and parks are available to those interested in observing the local trends. Generally, spring-blooming flowers are a welcome sight as they mark the arrival of warm weather. 

F. Some good flowering indoor plants include orchids, desert cacti and peace lilies. Orchids are the most popular blooming houseplant. There are thousands of varieties and hybrids of orchids, including those in every colour of the rainbow. Orchids need a moderate amount of watering and re-bloom, making it a long-lasting plant. Peace lilies are another option with folded white flowers and glossy green leaves. It is a tropical plant that does well with some warmth and humidity indoors. 

G. Not only are flowers beautiful additions to our homes, weddings and special events, they also have different meanings attached to them. Flower language is the art of flower symbolism. Floriography is another name for the language of flowers. Within the art of floriography, every flower carries its own special meaning, according to its variety and colour. Some flowers even take on a new meaning dependent on the number gifted, for example, a single red rose denotes "love at first sight". 
 

Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Запишите свой ответ последовательностью цифр, где первая цифра - заголовок к тексту A, а последняя - заголовок к тексту G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 

1. Exotic Pets
2. Going Back in Time
3. Small Screen Addiction
4. Body Language 
5. Massive Destruction
6. Buried Treasure
7. Reason for Extinction
8. Intelligent Enemies 

A. The VLT (Very Large Telescope) is the world's largest telescope and it is taking scientists further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible. In other words, the VLT is a kind of a time machine, giving astronomers detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. One day, we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

B. The latest development in the debate amongst scientists about what killed the pre-historic dinosaurs is the suggestion that acid rain was the cause. Some geologists suggest that a large meteor hitting the earth at 65 kilometres per second would have led to strongly acidic rain falling all over the world. This idea is fascinating but it would mean the dinosaurs would all have died within a very short time. 

C. In 1948, a British farmer discovered an interesting lump of metal while ploughing his field. At first he thought the metal bits were parts of an old bed. Then more 'parts of old beds' turned up and the farmer took them to the local museum. 'But these bits are priceless!' exclaimed the keeper of the museum. 'They are Iron Age jewellery and coins!' Over the next 40 years, more and more items were found in the same field.

D. Rats may have had a bit of a hard time over the years but these days lots of people are forgetting about guinea-pigs and hamsters and are buying rats instead. Domestic rats aren't the same as the ones that run around rubbish bins — they're actually quite cute. They are very intelligent and can be trained like dogs. They come in different colours and — a big bonus — they will eat anything!

E. In Western cultures, people look each other in the eye during a conversation to show interest and trust, but in many Asian countries, it's rude to look people in the eye, especially a superior such as a teacher. One of the most basic and powerful signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others.

F. Earthquakes happen all the time in all parts of the world but we don't notice most of them because they are small. However, big earthquakes are really dangerous. They can make buildings fall down, set off landslides and do other deadly things. The highest death toll caused by an earthquake was in China in 1556, when at least 830,000 people died.

G. According to scientists, Americans watch more TV on average than any other nationality. In fact, many people, particularly children, sit for 35 hours or more per week glued to the box. What's wrong with watching all that TV? Studies have linked it to everything from obesity to aggression in children not to mention that it puts your mind into a sort of sedated state. Habitual television watching, over long periods of time, has been known to cause depression, and anger.